The Company has organized its principal operations into the Financial Services Businesses and the Closed Block Business. Within the Financial Services Businesses, the Company operates through four divisions which, together, encompass ten reportable segments. The four operating divisions within the Financial Services Businesses are: U.S. Consumer, Employee Benefits, International and Asset Management. Businesses that are not sufficiently material to warrant separate disclosure are included in Corporate and Other operations. Collectively, the businesses that comprise the four operating divisions and Corporate and Other are referred to as the Financial Services Businesses. The segments within the Financial Services Businesses as well as the Closed Block Business correspond to businesses for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by management.
The U.S. Consumer division consists of the Individual Life Insurance, Private Client Group, Retail Investments and Property and Casualty Insurance segments. The Individual Life Insurance segment manufactures and distributes variable life, term life, universal life, and other non-participating life insurance products to the United States retail market and distributes investment and protection products for other segments. The Private Client Group segment offers full service securities brokerage and financial advisory services, as well as consumer banking services, to retail customers in the United States. The Retail Investments segment manufactures, distributes and services mutual funds, variable and fixed annuities and wrap-fee products to retail customers in the United States. The Property and Casualty Insurance segment manufactures and distributes personal lines property and casualty insurance products, principally automobile and homeowners insurance, to the United States retail market.
The Employee Benefits division consists of the Group Insurance and Other Employee Benefits segments. The Group Insurance segment manufactures and distributes group life, disability and related insurance products in connection with employee and member benefit plans. The Other Employee Benefits segment manufactures, services and delivers products and services for defined contribution and other retirement plans as well as guaranteed investment contracts, group annuities and relocation services to employers. The Other Employee Benefits segment also markets real estate brokerage franchises to regional and local real estate brokers.
The International division consists of the International Insurance and International Securities and Investments segments. The International Insurance segment manufactures and distributes principally individual life insurance products to the affluent retail market in Japan, as well as Korea and Taiwan, and has commenced operations in selected Asian, Latin American and European countries. The International Securities and Investments segment offers brokerage services, primarily in U.S. securities, asset management and financial advisory services to retail and institutional clients outside of the United States.
The Asset Management division consists of the Investment Management and Advisory Services and Other Asset Management segments. The Investment Management and Advisory Services segment provides institutional asset management products and services to unaffiliated institutional clients as well as management services for assets supporting products offered by other segments. The Other Asset Management segment includes equity securities sales and trading and commercial mortgage securitization activities, as well as hedge portfolio results.
Corporate and Other includes financial services businesses that are not included in other reportable segments as well as corporate-level activities. These businesses include international ventures, divested businesses and businesses that have not been divested but have been placed in wind-down status. The latter includes individual health insurance, group credit insurance and Canadian life insurance. The divested businesses include the results of the lead-managed equity underwriting for corporate issuers and institutional fixed income businesses of Prudential Securities Group Inc. (see Note 4), Gibraltar Casualty (see Note 21), residential first mortgage banking and certain Canadian businesses. Corporate-level activities include corporate-level income and expenses not allocated to any business segments, including the cost of company-wide initiatives, investment returns on unallocated equity, returns from a debt-financed investment portfolio, transactions with other segments and consolidating adjustments.
The Closed Block Business, which is managed separately from the Financial Services Businesses, was established on the date of demutualization. It includes the Closed Block (as discussed in Note 9); assets held outside the Closed Block necessary to meet insurance regulatory capital requirements related to products included within the Closed Block; deferred policy acquisition costs related to the Closed Block policies; the principal amount of the IHC debt (as discussed in Note 11) and related unamortized debt issuance costs and an interest rate swap related to the IHC debt; and certain other related assets and liabilities.
For periods prior to the date of demutualization, the results of the Closed Block Business are those of the Traditional Participating Products segment, which historically sold primarily participating insurance and annuity products that the Company ceased offering in connection with demutualization. Upon the establishment of the Closed Block Business, $5.6 billion of net assets previously associated with the Traditional Participating Products segment was transferred to the Financial Services Businesses. Consequently, the results of the Closed Block Business after demutualization do not include returns on these assets. A minor portion of the Traditional Participating Products segment consisted of other traditional insurance products that are now included in the Financial Services Businesses and not in the Closed Block.
The following summary presents certain financial data of our operations based on their location:
(a) 2001 includes $340 million of demutualization consideration payable to former Canadian branch policyholders as described in Note 2.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."
In managing its business, the Company analyzes the operating performance of each segment using "adjusted operating income," which is a non-GAAP measure. "Adjusted operating income" is calculated by adjusting income from continuing operations before income taxes to exclude certain items. The items excluded are realized investment gains, net of losses and related charges; sales practices remedies and costs; demutualization costs and expenses; and the gains, losses and contribution to income/loss of divested businesses which have been sold but do not qualify for "discontinued operations" treatment under GAAP. Businesses that the Company has placed in wind-down status but are not divested remain in "adjusted operating income." The Company's discontinued healthcare operations are excluded from "Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes."
The excluded items are important to an understanding of overall results of operations. "Adjusted operating income" is not a substitute for net income determined in accordance with GAAP and the Company's definition of "adjusted operating income" may differ from that used by other companies. However, the Company believes that the presentation of "adjusted operating income" as measured for management purposes enhances the understanding of results of operations by highlighting the results from ongoing operations and the underlying profitability factors of the Company's businesses.
The Company excludes realized investment gains, net of losses and related charges, from "adjusted operating income" because the timing of transactions resulting in recognition of gains or losses is largely at the Company's discretion and the amount of these gains or losses is heavily influenced by and fluctuates in part according to the availability of market opportunities. Including the fluctuating effects of these transactions could distort trends in the underlying profitability of the businesses. The Company excludes sales practices remedies and costs because they relate to a substantial and identifiable non-recurring event. The Company excludes demutualization costs and expenses as they are directly related to demutualization and could distort the trends associated with our business operations. The Company excludes the gains and losses and contribution to income/ loss of divested businesses and related runoff operations because, as a result of the decision to dispose of these businesses, these results are not relevant to the profitability of the Company's ongoing operations and could distort the trends associated with ongoing businesses.
The related charges offset against net realized investment gains and losses relates to policyholder dividends, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and reserves for future policy benefits. Net realized investment gains is one of the elements that the Company considers in establishing the dividend scale, and the related policyholder dividend charge represents the estimated portion of the Company's expense charge for policyholder dividends that is attributed to net realized investment gains that the Company considers in determining the dividend scale. Deferred policy acquisition costs for certain investment-type products are amortized based on estimated gross profits, which include net realized investment gains and losses on the underlying invested assets, and the related charge for amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs represents the portion of this amortization associated with net realized investment gains and losses. The reserves for certain policies are adjusted when cash flows related to these policies are affected by net realized investment gains and losses, and the related charge for reserves for future policy benefits represents that adjustment.
"Adjusted operating income" for each segment includes earnings on attributed equity established at a level which management considers necessary to support the segment's risks.
Operating expenses specifically identifiable to a particular segment are allocated to that segment as incurred. Operating expenses not identifiable to a specific segment but which are incurred in connection with the generation of segment revenues are generally allocated based upon the segment's historical percentage of general and administrative expenses.
The Investment Management and Advisory Services segment revenues include intersegment revenues of $418 million, $404 million and $381 million for the years ended 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively, which primarily consist of asset-based management fees from the businesses of the U.S. Consumer and Employee Benefits divisions and the Closed Block Business. Management has determined the intersegment fees for the various asset classes with reference to market rates. These fees are eliminated in consolidation.
The financial results of the International Insurance segment reflect the impact of intercompany currency hedging arrangements whereby currency fluctuation exposure within annual reporting periods is assumed within Corporate and Other. As discussed in Note 19, the Company executes forward currency transactions with third parties to mitigate the risk of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. The financial results of the Other Asset Management segment reflect the impact of intercompany fair value hedging arrangements with Corporate and Other operations associated with the Company's mortgage securitization operations.
Segment results reflect certain reclassifications of historical revenues and expenses to conform to the Company's current presentation. These reclassifications have no impact on "adjusted operating income" of any of the Company's divisions or segments. The most significant reclassification is to revise the treatment of certain transactions between segments, so that all such transactions are eliminated within Corporate and Other results rather than at the division level.
As discussed in Note 4, Capital Markets Restructuring, the Company has exited the lead-managed equity underwriting for corporate issuers and institutional fixed income businesses. Results for these businesses are included in Divested Businesses in the tables that follow. Income from continuing operations before income taxes for these businesses was income of $23 million in 1999, a loss of $620 million in 2000 and a loss of $159 million in 2001. The loss in 2000 includes a restructuring charge of $476 million.
The summary below reconciles adjusted operating income to income from continuing operations before income taxes:
The summary below presents certain financial information for the Company's reportable segments:
The summary below presents total assets for the Company's reportable segments at December 31,